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| Halkomelem Halq\'eméylem, Hul\'qumi\'num\', Hǝn\'q\'ǝmin\'ǝm\' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Canada, United States | |
| Region: | Southern British Columbia into northern Washington | |
| Total speakers: | 200 | |
| Language family: | Salishan Coast Salish Halkomelem | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | sal | |
| ISO 639-3: | hur | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Halkomelem (also Halq\'eméylem, Hul\'qumi\'num\', and Hǝn\'q\'ǝmin\'ǝm\') is a Coast Salishan language of the First Nations around the Fraser River and the southern end of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Halkomelem is most closely related to Sḵwxwú7mesh snichim (Squamish), Sháshíshálh (Sechelt), and Nowxs\'a7aq (Nooksack).
The word "Halkomelem" is an anglicization for a language with three dialects: Halq\'eméylem, the dialect spoken by the upriver Stó:lō of the Fraser Valley, Hǝn\'q\'ǝmin\'ǝm\', the dialect of the downriver Stó:lō, and Hulq\'umín\'um\', spoken by six separate but closely related First Nations in the Georgia Strait area: the Chemainus, Cowichan, Halalt, Lake Cowichan, Lyackson, and Penelakut.Hul\'quim\'num Treaty Group
In 1977 Brent Galloway of the University of California, Berkeley compiled the first grammar of Upriver (Chilliwack) Halkomelem and developed the now-official Stó:lō orthography. He is currently working on a Halkomelem dictionary.
According to Galloway, some words in Halkomelem "encapsulate the whole knowledge of the culture." The language has a rich oral literature which shows a whole way of looking at the universe that is different from that of English or other European languages.
The Halkomelem language is near extinction largely due to the extensive transportation of First Nations children to residential schools. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was less than one dozen. Language programs at the Stó:lō Nation, Seabird Island First Nation, and Cowichan First Nation have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at Musqueam is a collaboration between the band and the University of British Columbia First Nations Language Program.
Contents |
| English | Halq\'eméylem Halq\'eméylem Language by Helen Carr, Kwantlen First Nation |
|---|---|
| Hello/Greetings | Kwéleches |
| How are you? | Lichewx we eyo |
| I am fine | Tsel we eyo |
| Thank you | Kw\'as hoy |
| What is your name? | Tewat te\' skwix |
| 1 | Letse |
| 2 | Isa:le |
| 3 | Lhi:xw |
| 4 | Xe\'o:thels |
| 5 | Lheq\'a:tses |
| 6 | T\'xem |
| 7 | Tho:kws |
| 8 | Teqa:tsa |
| 9 | Tu:xw |
| 10 | O:pel |
It tells something about how the phonology of the language contrasts with those English speakers are more likely to be used to to note that, while the word \'language\' is derived from a root meaning \'tongue\', the names of languages in Hul’q’umi’num are formed by appending \'-qun\', meaning \'throat\'.
The phonology of the Hǝn\'q\'ǝmin\'ǝm\' dialect is (based on the charts at LanguageGeek):
| Bilabial | Interdental | Alveolar | Alveolar affricate | Palatal | Lateral | Velar | Labialized Velar | Uvular | Labialized Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||
| Ejective | pʹ | tθʹ | tʹ | tsʹ | tɬʹ | kʷʹ | qʹ | qʷʹ | |||
| Fricative | θ | s | ʃ | ɬ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
| Resonant | m | n | j | l | w | ||||||
| Glottalized Resonant | m̰ | n̰ | j̰ | l̰ | w̰ |
The vowels are /i u e ə a/, with long counterparts /iː uː eː aː/.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia
